IJHEM 2054-9849 2054-9857 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJHEM/ 1 Volume 01 Issue 1 2014-08-01 https://ijhem.com/cdn/issue_file/Volume%201_Number%201.pdf

1 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=1 2014-10-16 The paper looks into the status of Russian universities, their competitiveness and performance in the todaya’s world educational market according to the global QS World University Ranking formed by the British company Quacquarelli Symonds. Within the framework of the research a method has been proposed for clear demonstration of successful performance of a university by faculty and by subject; a comparative indicator analysis has been made for separate divisions of the world universities which have leading positions according to the rankings. The conclusion includes ways to increase performance of Russian universities by separate faculties and subjects and considers opportunities to advance them in the world rankings. RF Presidential Edict No. РФ №599 dated 07.05.2012 ‘O merakh po realizatsii gosudarstvennoi politiki v oblasti obrazovania i nauki’[On Measures to Implement National Policy in Education and Science]. [Electronic source] URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/15236 (20.01.2014). National Training Foundation (NTF) ‘Kontseptsia eksporta obrazovatelnikh uslug Rossiiskoy Federatsii na period 2011-2020’ [Concept of Educational Service Export of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020]. [Electronic source] URL: http://intpr.ntf.ru/p43aa1.html (15.01.2014). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. [Electronic source] URL: gks.ru (15.12.2013). Vazhadayeva, N. (2012) Peremena mest [Change in Position]. Itogi, 14. ‘Doklad rektora SPbGPU A.I. Rudskogo na vstreche s trudovim kollektivom 1 sentyabrya 2013 goda’ [Report of the SPbSPU Rector, A. Rudskoy at the staff meeting on 1 September 2012]. [Electronic source] URL:  http://www.chieim-spb.ru/images/stories/doc/rector_report.pdf (20.01.2014). QS World University Ranking [Electronic source] URL: http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2012 (20.12.2013). QS World University Ranking: Methodology. [Electronic source] URL: http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/world-university-rankings/qs-world-university-rankings-methodology (10.09.2013). Altbach, Philip G. (2012) The Globalization of College and University Rankings. The Magazine of Higher Learning, 44(1), 26-31. Hongcai, W. (2009) University Rankings: Status Quo, Dilemmas, and Prospects. Chinese Education and Society, 42(1), 42-55. Hazelkorn, Ellen. Rankings and the Reshaping of Higher Education: The Battle for World-Class Excellence [Electronic source] URL: http://www.palgrave-usa.com (10.01.2014). Liu, Nian Cai; Liu, Li. (2005) University Rankings in China. Higher Education in Europe, 30(2), 217-227. Hou, A; Morse, R; Chiang, C-L. An Analysis of Mobility in Global Rankings: Making Institutional Strategic Plans and Positioning for Building World-Class Universities. [Electronic source] URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals (22.01.2014). Soh, K. (2012) World University Rankings: What Is in for Top Ten East Asian Universities? New Horizons in Education, 50(2), 36-50.   Pusser, Brian; Marginson, Simon. University Rankings in Critical Perspective. [Electronic source] URL: http://www.ohiostatepress.org (09.01.2014). Williams, R. (2008) Methodology, Meaning and Usefulness of Rankings. Australian Universities' Review, 50(2), 51-58. https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-1.pdf RODIONOV DMITRII GRIGORIEVICH RYDSKAYA IRINA ANDREEVNA PLOTNIKOVA EKATHERINA VASILYEVNA University Global education market CompetitivenessEffectiveness 4766 7 0

2 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=2 2014-10-16 This study examined the institutional factors influencing academic performance of students in principles of accounting. This was achieved through a review of extent theoretical and empirical literature and analysis of research questions. In order to generate the necessary data for the study, questionnaire designed in 5 point Likert-scale was administered on seventy-one (71) first year students of Accounting/Finance and Economics/Development studies of the Federal University Otuoke during the 2013/2014 academic session. The data generated for the study were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation. Our findings revealed that the institutional factors affecting students’ achievement in principles of accounting in Nigerian universities are class size, entry requirement, access to functional library, semester duration, contact hours, and curriculum contents. It was therefore recommended that - principles of accounting curriculum should be redesigned to meet the specific needs of each programme; principles of accounting should be taught in small class size to enable the instructor have a close contact with the student; clashed programme whereby a twelve-week semester is collapsed into eight weeks or less should be avoided; a minimum of two contact hours should be designated for each class in principles of accounting; knowledge of book-keeping/accounts or commerce at the secondary school level with a minimum pass grade should be part of the requirements f Abraham, B. C. (1987). Computerized practice set in introductory financial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 2(1), 1-12.  Adeleke, A. S., Binuomote, M.O & Adeyinka, S.F (2013). Determinants of students’ academic performance in Financial accounting among senior secondary school leavers in Oyo State; International Journal of Business and Management Innovation; 4(2); 89-94. Ahmed, N.S. (2004). Cororate environment disclosure in Libya: Evidence and environment determinism theory. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/2784/I/AhmadPhD410769.pdf Ahmed, N.S., & Gao, S.S. (2004, September). Changes, problems and challenges of accounting education in Libya. Accounting Education, 13(3), 365-390.  Al-Daly, M.M. (2003). The key role of the Libyan business education program to enhance the student performance in undergraduate accounting courses Master thesis, the Libyan Academy, Tripoli, Libyaj. Al-Hanon, H. (2004). Reasons not to take advantage of the body of knowledge gained for the graduate Master thesis. College of Economics, Benghazi, Libya. Al-Kalian, A.K.A. (2000). The relationship between business education and the Libyan economic and social developments. Journal of Economic Research. Al-Khadash, H. A., & A1-Bishtwawi, 5. (2010, September). The Impact of Accounting Software Utilization on Accounting Students Perceived Skills. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 2010(7), 140-148.  Almer, E.D., Jones, K., & Moeckel, C.L. (1998). The impact of one-minute papers on learning in an introductory accounting course. Issues in Accounting Education, 13(3), 485-497.  Atieh, S. H. (1997). Student perceptions of the causes of low performance in principles of accounting: A case study in Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Fahd University: Economics & Administration, 10, 35-50.  Austin, A.M., & Gustafson, L. (2006). Impact of course length on student learning. Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 5(1), 26-37.  Ayers, J. B., & Peters, R. M. (1977). Productive validity of the test of english as foreign language for asian graduate students in engineering, chemistry, or mathematics. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37(2), 461-463.  Bait-EL-Mal, M.M., Smith, M.M.H. C., & Taylor, M.E. (1973). The development of accounting in Libya. International Journal of Accounting Education and Research, 83-102. Basile, A and D’ Aquila, J.M (2002) An experimental analysis of computer-mediated instruction and students’ attitude in principles of financial accounting; Journal of Education for Business; 1(1); 1 – 11. Baxter, C. A. (1974). The effects of computer augmented instruction on achievement in the collegiate principles of accounting course. Georgia, University of Georgia Press. Beets, S.D., & Lobingier, P.G. (2001, Mar-Apr). Pedagogical technique: Students performance and preference. Journal of Education for business, 76(4), 231-235.  Ben-Garbia, S. M. (1990). The interest of integration among scientific research and the accounting profession and business education. Journal of Economic Research, 2(2). Brink, A.G. (2013, August). The Impact of pre- and post-lecture quizzes on performance in intermediate accounting II. Issues in Accounting Education, 28(3), 46 1-485.  Buzied, M. M. (1998). Enterprise accounting and its context of operation: The case of Libya. UK: Durham University.  El Shamy, M., Hamdalla, A., & Al-Modaf, J. (2011, November 2 1-24). The determinants of student performance in advanced accounting - evidence from Kuwait. Proceedings of Macao International Symposium on Accounting and Finance, 1-15.  Elikai, F., & Baker, J. (1988). Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of quizzes as a motivational technique. Issues in Accounting Education, 3(2), 248-254. Er, M.A. (1989). The use of computers in accountancy courses: A new perspective. Accounting and Business Research, 19(76), 319-326.  Flaherty, R.B., & Diamond, M.A. (1996). Position and issues statements of the accounting education change commission, Accounting Education Change Commission and American Accounting Association. Accounting Education Series, 1996(13). Hill, M.C (1998). Class size and students’ performance in introductory accounting courses – further evidence; Issues in Accounting Education; 13(1); 42 – 64. Hong, S.T. (1973). An empirical study of the effectiveness of programmed instruction and computer-assisted instruction in elementary accounting. Dissertation Abstract International, 322. Ingram, R.W (1998) A note on teaching debits and credits in elementary accounting; Issues in Accounting Education; 13(2); 411 – 415  Jochems, W. (1991). Effects of learning and testing in a foreign language. European Journal of Engineering Education, 16(4), 309-316.  Kachelmeier, S.J., Jones, J.D., & Keller, A.J. (1992, Fall). Evaluating the effectiveness of a computer intensive learning aid for teaching pension accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 7(2), 164-178.  Kilani, K. A. (1988). The evolution and status of accounting in Libya. Ph.D thesis, the University of Hull, UK. Kilani, K. A. (2000). The relationship between business education and the Libyan economic and social developments. Journal of Economic Research, 11(1-2). Nouri, H., & Shahid, A. (2008). The effects of PowerPoint lecture notes on student performance and attitudes. The Accounting Educators Journal, 18, 103-117.  Ogilby, M.A. (2000). The first course in accounting: Students’ perceptions and their effect on the decision to major in accounting. Journal of Accounting Education, 18(2), 63-78.  Okafor, C.A. (2011). Academic performance of male versus female accounting undergraduate students: Evidence from Nigeria. Higher Education Studies, 1(1), 9-19.  Okafor, F.O (2009). Entrenching credible financial reporting in Nigeria – the role of universities; Guest paper presented at Linkage/Awareness seminar for Accounting students in tertiary institutions courtesy NASB; Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, 2 – 3 November. Osogbe, D.I (2010) Introduction to financial accounting course for business administration students in Al-Jabal University; Higher Education Research Review; 7(4), 111 – 123. Porter, L.W., & Lawler, E.B. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, Illinois, US. Reed, S.A., & Holley, J.M. (1989, Fall). The effect of final examination scheduling on student performance. Issues in Accounting Education, 4(2), 327-344.  Sayel, R., & Quraan, A. (1994). Determinates of students’ performance in introductory accounting courses. J Knig Soud Univ, 6(2), 65-80. Shareia, B. (2010). The Libyan accounting profession: Historical factors and economic consequences. Retrieved from http://apira2010.econ.usyd.edu.au/conferencej,roceedings/APIRA-20 10-091 -Shareia-The-Libyan-accounting-profession.pdf Solomon, L. (1975). Improving student attitude in the beginning accounting course. The Accounting Review, 50(3), 601-605. Tailab, M., M (2013). Difficulties of academic achievement in principles of accounting courses for the student perspective evidence from Libya; Higher Education Studies; 3(5); 36 – 46. Ugar, A., & Gungormus, A.H (2011) Factors associated with student performance in financial accounting courses; European Journal of Economics and Political studies; 4(2); 139 – 153  Weinstein, L.P. (1999). Student performance in introductory accounting: A multi-sample, multi-model analysis. Accounting Educators’ Journal, XI, 1-28.  Young, J. (2004). When good technology means bad teaching: Giving professors gadgets without training can do more harm than good in the classroom, students say. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(12), 217-226. https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-2.pdf CLETUS .O. AKENBOR EMMANUEL A.L. IBANICHUKA Institutional factors students performance principles of accounting accounting/fina nce programme economics development studies programme 6447 7 0

3 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=3 2014-10-16 Traditional brick-and-mortar universities in Saudi Arabia are currently experiencing complex and unique problems. Escalating interest in higher education has triggered a vast increase in the student population, and a surge of applicants has prompted academic institutions to curb enrollment in some popular disciplines. While the number of universities throughout the Kingdom has increased, remote areas with dispersed populations remain overlooked. Likewise, an unprecedented rise in the number of women seeking a higher education has overwhelmed the university system, adding another dimension to an already difficult dilemma. However, with the vast development of information and communication technologies, distance learning provides a logical and plausible solution to the aforementioned issues. The popularity and affordability of e-learning and e-tools have facilitated the establishment of e-universities, either as independent entities or as subsidiaries of academic institutions. Consequently, King Abdulaziz University (located in the kingdom’s western region) has taken pioneering steps toward establishing an e-university that is equipped to handle the country’s unique needs, which will make expanded enrollment in e-learning programs a feasible objective for inclusion in the university’s strategic plans. Abiodun, F. O., 2008, Fifth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open and Distance Learning (PCF5), Commonwealth of Learning. Available at: http://www.col.org Abu-Ghaida, D.&S. Klasen,2004, The economic and human development costs of missing the millennium development goal on gender equity, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Al-Hawamdeh, S. &T.L. Hart, 2001,Information and Knowledge Society, McGraw-Hill Education, Asia. Al khalifa, A.,2013,Perceptions of online education at the King Faisal University: A case study(Master’s thesis), University of Otago, Dunedin. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4328 CHEA, 2002, Accreditation and quality assurance in distance learning, Institute for Research and Study of Accreditation and Quality Assurance, CHEA Monograph Series 2002.1. Chen, S.,2003, Higher education in a knowledge-based economy, Sino-American Relations: An International Quarterly 29(2):24-40. CIA, 8 February, 2007,The World Fact Book, Pittsburgh, PA: US Superintendent of Documents, GPO. Cohen, V. L., 2003, A model for assessing distance learning instruction, Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 14(2), 98-120. Darkwa, O. &M. Fikile,2000, Creating virtual learning communities in Africa: Challenges and prospects, First Monday 5(5). Dighe, A. &U. Reddi, 2006, Women’s literacy and information and communication technologies: Lessons that experience has taught us, Commonwealth of Learning, New Delhi: Vancouver and the Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia. EC, 2002,Towards a Knowledge-based Europe: The European Union and the Information Society (Europe on the Move), European Commission, Directorate General for Press and Communication.  EII, March 2013,Saudi Arabia in 2030: The future demographic, Chicago, IL: Euromonitor International. Evans, K.,1995, Barriers to participation of women in technological education and the role of distance education,The Commonwealth of Learning Report. Farjani, N. (Editor), 2004,The Arab human development report 2004: Building a knowledge society, United Nations.   Fiske, E.B., 2012,World atlas of gender equality in education,Paris: UNESCO. Grenfell, J. &B. Grenfell,2005,Proposed EU integrated action programme for life-long learning–17th report of session 2004-2005, Stationery Office Books.  Horton, W. &K. Horton,2003,E-learning tools and technologies: A consumer’s guide for trainers, teachers, educators, and instructional designers, John Wiley & Sons  Husseiny, A. A., J.Y. Murdock,N. G. O’Brien,&E.D. Stevens, 1996,System and Method for Displaying Geographical Information, US Patent # 5,519,809 KAU, 2005,King Abdulaziz University: Steps towards progress, Jeddah: King Abdulaziz University. infoDev, 2010,Gender equity and the use of ICT in education, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. KFU, 2014,E-Learning and distance education deanship, King Faisal University. Retrieved from http://www.kfu.edu.sa/en/Deans/elearning/Pages/main.aspx Khan, S.A.,S. Z. Shazli,J.A. Khan,&S.M. Sait, 2000,Distance education and its prospects in Saudi Arabia,First Saudi Technical Conference and Exhibition (STCEX2000), Riyadh. Khan, J.A.,S.A. Khan,&R.H. Al-Abaji, 2001,Prospects of distance education in developing countries, International Conference on Millennium Dawn in Training and Continuing Education, April 24–26, University of Bahrain, Sakhir. Kikilias, E.,2002, Work and welfare toward a knowledge-based society, Intervention Seminar on “Interactions between Labour Market and Social Protection”, European Foundation for the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions May 16, Brussels. Leitner, C.,2005,The EU political and institutional framework for implementing e-Government, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration. Mandernach, B.J, E. Donnelli, A. Dailey, &M. Schulte, 2005, a faculty evaluation model for online instructors: Mentoring and evaluation in the online classroom, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration VIII (III). Mashat, A.S., 2005, ODUS: On Demand University Services, Egyptian Computer Science Journal, 27(1). Mirza, A. &M. Al-Abdulkareem, 2011, Models of e-learning adopted in the Middle East, Applied Computing and Informatics, 9(2), 83-93. Mohamed, A.A.H., 2005, Distance higher education in the Arab region: The need for quality assurance frameworks, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 8:1. Monteiro, J.L.,P.M.C. Swatman,&T.L. Valadares (Editors), 2002,Towards the knowledge society: eCommerce, eBusiness, and eGovernment,International Conference on eCommerce,  eBusiness, eGovernment, International Federation for Information Processing, Lisbon, Portugal, October, Springer. Moore, M. G. &G. Kearsley, 2005,Distance education: A systems view. Belmont: Thomson/Wadsworth. Nasser, R. &K. Abouchedid,2000, Attitudes and concerns towards distance education: The case of Lebanon,Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 3(4) Winter. Pulkkinen, J., 2007, Cultural globalization and integration of ICT in education,in K. Kumpulainen (Ed.), Educational technology: Opportunities and challenges (pp. 13–23),Oulu: University of Oulu. Rosenberg, M.J., 2005,Beyond e-learning: Approaches and technologies to enhance organizational knowledge, learning, and performance, Pfeiffer. Schank, R.C., 2001,Designing world-class e-learning: How IBM, GE, Harvard Business School, and Columbia University are succeeding at e-learning, McGraw-Hill. Schauer, J.,S.K. Rockwell,S.M. Fritz,&D.B. Marx, 2005, Implementing distance education: Issues impacting administration, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration VIII(III), Fall 2005. Tamashiro, R.,2003, Pros and cons of online learning: Conflicting perceptions among teacher, education, students, Hawaii International Conference on Education, January 7-10, Honolulu, HI. Taylor, J.C., 1995, Distance education technologies: The fourth generation, Australian Journal of Educational Technology 11(2):1-7. Taylor, J.C.&P. Swannell,2001, USQ: An e-university for an e-world, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 2, 1.  Toshio, O.,2005,ICT and e-learning for global e-unversity network,IAUP Triennial Conference, Parallel Session (3) Topic 3 ICT; Pattaya (Waseda University, Japan). UNDP, 1999a,Internet based distance training For Saudi professional women: A project proposal, United Nations Development Program. UNDP, 1999b,IT for development programme:  Pilot project, United Nations Development Program. UNESCO, 2002,Open and distance learning, trends, policy and strategy considerations, Paris: UNESCO Division of Higher Education. Vignare, K. &C. Geith,2013, Introduction to the special issue on online learning and open educational resources for international, rural, and hard-to-reach populations. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 17(2):7-10. Whittington, S.,2013,Flexible, open and distance learning: An enabler or barrier to women’s empowerment? Seventh Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning (PCF7): Girls and Women Education, Abuja, December 2-6.Retrieved from  http://pcfpapers.colfinder.org/handle/5678/1 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-3.pdf LAILA M. O. AL-SHARQI NADIA YUSUF Distance learning e-university information and computing technology e-learning 6010 3 0

4 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=4 2014-10-16 This paper emphasizes that Business and Commerce are performing arts requiring inculcation of professional operative skills. The introduction of ICTs in the higher education has profound implications for the whole education process ranging from investment to use of technologies in dealing with key issues of access, equity, management, efficiency, pedagogy and quality. In this regard the paper addresses the opportunities and challenges posed by integration of ICTs in various aspects of higher education in the present scenario. The paper argues for addressing the issues through formulation of policies and strategies to accrue following potential future developments in ICTs and to integrate them in education sector to transform higher education. Higher education systems have grown exponentially in the last five decades to meet the demands of quality education for all. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become common place entities in all aspects of life. Across the past 10 years the use of ICT has fundamentally changed the practices and procedures of nearly all forms of endeavour within business and governance in India. In India, within education, ICT has begun to have a presence, but the impact has not been as extensive as in other fields. The use of ICT in education lends itself to more student-centred learning settings and often this creates some tensions for some teachers and students. But with the world moving rapidly into digital media and infor Abdul Kalam A P J (1998), ‘Vision for the Nation’, University News, Vol.36 (9), March 2, 1998, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Abdul Kareem S. (1999), ‘Information Technology and Knowledge’, University News, Vol.37 (42), Oct.18, 1999, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Aggarwal J C (1984), Landmarks in the History of Modern Indian Education, Vani Publn., New Delhi; Aggarwal J C (1990), Development and Planning of Modern Education, Vikas Publn., New Delhi AIU Campus News (1992), ‘Equality in Educational Opportunities’, University News, Vol. XXX(18), May 4, 1992, AIU Publn., New Delhi; AIU, (1993), Excellence Achieving Social Relevance in Higher Education, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Anchison T J, Hill WW, 'Management Today', Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1978; Arya S (1995), ‘University-Industry Linkage’, University News, Vol.XXXIII (15), April 10, 1995, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Arya S. (1995), ‘Towards Human Excellence in Universities’, University News, Vol.XXXIII (25), June 19, 1995, AIU Publn., New Delhi; ASTON, Mike, 2002, The Development and Use of Indicators to Measure the Impact of ICT use in Education in the United Kingdom and other European countries, Developing Performance Indicators for ICT in Education, UNESCO Institute for Information Technology (UNESCO-IITE), Chapter 43, pp 62-73; Bairagi, Anupam Kumar, Rajon S. A. Ahsan and Roy Tuhin, (2011), Status& Role of ICT in Educational Institution to Build Digital Society in Bangladesh: Perspective of A Divisional City, Khulna,  International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Sept 2011, ©IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963 374 Vol. 1, Issue 4, pp. 374-383, retrieved from {HYPERLINK http://www.archives-ijaet.org/media/IJAET.pdf};  Bajaj KK (1997), ‘Introspect on Higher Education’, University News, Vol.35 (41), Oct. 13, 1997, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Banu, A.R. Nadira, Kamal, & banu A.T. (2010), ICT in Higher Education – A Study, Canadian Jouranl on Data, Inowledge Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2012, pp 1-12;  Barron, A., (1998), Designing Web-based Training, British Journal of Educational Technology, 29(4), pp 355-371; Berge, Z., (1998), Guiding Principles in Web-based Instructional Design, Education Media International, 35 (2), pp 7276;  Bhatti SS (1994), ‘Universities and Industrial Development Bridging the Gap’, University News. Vol. XXXII(14), April 1, 1994, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Bhunia, C. T. & Onime C. (2011), Planning for ICT based Education in Changed Scenario to Meet the Global Gaps and Deficiencies : with a few Cases of a few Developing Countries, University News, April 18-24, 2011, pp 13-17; Booklets etc., on - 'Apprenticeship, Management Training Scheme', - By Industries in Pune; Brahmankar Dr. AB, 'Commerce and Business Education, some thoughts' (Marathi), Sunita pub., Nashik, 1986; Chugh KL, 'Managing Change' his speech as Chairman, at the 43rd Annual General Meeting of Tribeni Tissues, Ltd., Calcutta, advt. Indian Express, July 14, 1990, p10; Clive Reynoldson, Conor Vibert, (2005), Creating Value in ICT-Enabled Business Education, Retrieved from:-http://www.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/48538/Creating-Value-in-ICT-Enabled Business-Education.pdf; Drucker PF, 'Management : Tasks, responsibilities, Practices', W. Heinemann Ltd., London, 1974; Convocation Address (1996), ‘Human Development and Economic Growth’, University News, Vol. XXXIV (34), Aug. 19, 1996, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Datta, Indrajeet & Joshi Dhananjay, (2011), Bridging Digital Divide in Higher Education through ICT, University News, 49 (45), Nov. 07-13, 2011, pp 14-25; DIGITAL-Learning, (2012), The E-Learning Wave in Higher Education, April 1, 2007, retrieved on 23-08-2012 from {HYPERLINK http://digitallearning. eletsonline.com/2007/04/the-e-learning-wave-in-higher-education/}; Dutta, Soumitra., Lanvin. Bruno, and Fiona Paua (2004) The Global Information Technology Report- Towards an Equitable Information Society, GITR 2003-2004, New York: Oxford University Press; Dutta, Indrajeet & Dhanajay Joshi, (2011), Bridging Digital Divide in Higher Education through ICT, University News, 49 (45), Nov. 07-13, 2011, pp 14-25; Emerging Trends in ICT in Education, retrieved from {HYPERLINK: http://www.usq. edu.au/course/material/edu5472/content/mod11.htm; Francies S (1997), ‘Alternative Systems of Higher Education’, University News, Vol.35 (48), Dec.1, 1997, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Gandhe SK (1993), ‘Restructuring of Undergraduate Courses of Study’, University News, Vol.XXXI (48), Nov.29, 1993, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Gandhi Dr. MM, (1993) ‘Maharashtra Universities Bill 1992’ University News, Vol.XXX1, Jan 25,1993, New Delhi; Gandhi  Dr. MM,   (1997)   ‘Reform  &  Development  of Higher Education in India -Some Key Issues’, Souvenir of 18th Annual State Conference of Principals (1997), Aurangabad; Gandhi Dr. MM (1998), ‘Implications of Unplanned & Unmotivated Growth of Higher Education in India’, College Post – ICF Journal, Vol.3 No.1, Seed Publn., New Delhi; Gautam Dr. Hari, Chairman UGC (1999), ‘Reforms in Higher Education – Need of the Hour’-Convocation Address’, University News, Vol.37 (46), Nov.15, 1999, AIU, New Delhi; Ghosh AK (1996), ‘Human Resources Development’, University News, Vol.XXXIV (3), January 15, 1996, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Giri AK (1996), ‘Education for Self-Transformation and Social Change’, University News, Vol.XXXIV (31), July 29, 1996, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Global Trends in ICT and Education retrieved from {HYPERLINK:  http://blogs.worldbank. org/edutech/node/544};  GOI (1999) National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development: IT Action Plan Part III- Long Term National IT Policy, {HYPERLINK www.nasscom. org/download/action_plan_3.pdf India’s ICT Indicators (2003), http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/statistics; GOI (2008) Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012, Volume II, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press;  Gosavi SS, Parthsarathi S (1991), ‘Making University Education Entrepreneurial’, University News, Vol. XXIX(18), May 6, 1991, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Govt. of India (1966) Report of the Education (Kothari) Commission (1964-66) : Education and National Development, GOI, New Delhi; Govt. of India (1985) Challenge of Education Policy Perspective, New Delhi; Govt. of India (1986) National Policy on Education 1986, GOI, New Delhi; Govt. of India (1989) Towards an Enlightened and Human Society, Report of the Committee for Review of the National Policy on Education 1986, GOI New Delhi;  Govt. of India (1992) Programme of Action 1992 National Policy on Education, 1986, revised 1992 (Reprinted by UGC) New Delhi; Gugnani HR (1991), ‘Interaction Between Society and Higher Education in India’, Vol. XXIX(34), August 26, 1991, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Gyan-Darshan, (2012), retrievdd on June 30, 2012 from http://news.icbse.com/gyan-darshan-education-tv-channel-ncert-ignou-957; Hattangdi, Ashish and Ghosh Atanu, (2010), Enhancing the Quality and Accessibility of Higher Education through the Use of Information and Communication Technologies, retrieved from {HYPERLINKhttp://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/announce/convention/papers/ Strategy %20Learning-01-Ashish %20 Hattangdi,%20%20Atanu%20Ghosh.pdf}; Husain Z, Pathak R D, Tripath & S (1998), ‘Technological Response of Indian Industry to Globalization and Liberalization’, University News, Vol.36 (7), Feb.16, 1998, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Hussain, Imran, Alam M.A., & Kazmi N.A.(2011), Promotion of e-Learning through ICT: Role of Indian Government and Higher Educational Institutions, University News, 49(39), Oct 26-Nov 02, 2011, pp 22-24; Hussein Dr.Abid, (1997), A Draft Report on Launching of Employment Oriented Courses, Journal of Higher Education, Vol.20 (1) Spring 1997, UGC Publn., New Delhi; ICICT, 2012, Brochure of the International Conference on ICT Culture in Education, Educational & Management Academy, New Delhi; IIT Review Committee Report, Ministry of Human Resource Development, 1986. ISTE (1913), Role of Industry in Technical Education – Recommendations of ISTE-CIICP National Seminars, ISTE NEWSLETTER, Vol. XIII, No.3, May 1993; Kabra KN, Chaubey PK (1998), “Higher Education: Is it a Merit Services?” University News Vol.36(24) June 15, 1978 AIU Publn., New Delhi; Kamath R (1996), ‘HRD Initiatives in Higher Education’, University News, Vol.XXIV (28), July 8, 1996, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Kamath R, Sharma D (1999), ‘Industry-University Partnership – A Double Benefit, University News, Vol.37(52), Dec. 7, 1999, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Kapur JN (1991), ‘Additional Responsibilities for Higher Educational System’, University News, Vol. XXIX(18), May 6, 1991, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Kaur, Amrit, & Pandey K. D. (2010), Technology in Higher Education: Changing ParadigmsUniversity News, 48 (15), April 12-18, 2010, pp 9-12; Kazi BS (1997), ‘Educational Contribution of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad’, University News, Vol.37 (48), Nov.29, 1999, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Kennedy, D. & McNaught, C. (1997). Design Elements for Interactive Multimedia. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1), pp 1-22;  KEGB, (2012), Kerala Education Grid Portal, (www.edugrid.ac.in); Kumar VP (1994), ‘Education for Social Change’, University News, Vol.XXXII (14), April 4, 1994, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Lakshmi S (1998), ‘Towards a Meaningful Education’, University News, Vol.36 (2), Jan.12, 1998, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Louden JK, 'Managing at the top', Amacon, New York, 1977; Malhotra KC (1990), ‘Indian Industries in the Nineties’, University News, Vol. XXVIII(20), May 14, 1990, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Mathur SS (1993), ‘Human Resource for Development’, University News, Vol.XXXI (7), Feb. 15, 1993, AIU Publn., New Delhi; McAlpine TS, 'The Process of Management', Business Books Ltd., London, 1973; Meenakshi KG (1992), ‘Relevance of Higher Education’, University News, Vol. XXX(20), May 18, 1992, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Mishra, S. & R.C. Sharma (2005) Development of e-Learning in India, University News, 43(11), 14-20 March, 2005; Mohanty J (1986), Indian Education in the Emerging Society, Sterling Publn., New Delhi; Morvin Phlip, 'Multiplying Management Effectiveness', AMA, 1981; Narula M, article on 'Restructuring of Course for Development Linkage', University News, AIU pub. weekly, Apr. 13, 1992; Narula M (1992), ‘Restucturing of Courses for Development Linkage’, University News, Vol. XXX(15), April 13, 1992, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Nigvekar, Dr. Arun, (2011), [Ex-Chairman of UGC & Chairman, of the Committee for preparing the Draft Act]- “The Maharashtra Public Universities Act, 2011 : Pathway for Transforming Higher education into a Socio-Economic Development Force” - Draft, 2011, Department of Higher & Technical Education, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai, pp 2, 22-23;  Oliver, R. & Short, G. (1996), The Western Australian Tele-centres Network: A model for Enhancing Access to Education and Training in Rural Areas, International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 2 (4), pp 311-328;  Oliver, Ron, (2002), The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as a Change Agent for Education”, paper presented in HE-21 Conference, retrieved on 23 June 2012, from {HYPERLINK http://elrond.scam.ecu.edu.au/oliver/2002/he21.pdf}; Oxford (1990 to 1999)’, ‘Human Development Reports, 1990 to 1999, Oxford Univ. Publn., NY Prahallada NN (1997), ‘Equality, Merit & Excellence An Analysis’, University News, Vol.35(44), Nov.3, 1997, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Punalekar SP (1993), ‘Higher Education and Indian Social Reality An Overview’, University News, Vol. XXXI(25), June 21, 1993, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Purkait B.R. (1992), Milestones in Modern Indian Education, New Central Publn. Calcutta; Rangarajan Dr.C (1996), ‘Human Development and Economic Growth’, University News, Vol.XXXIV (34), Aug. 19, 1996, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Reddy KV (1991), ‘Education for Human Resource Development’, University News, Vol. XXIX (12), March 25, 1991, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Rao, A. Murali M., Indira, (2012), ICT in Open Distance Learning: Issues and Challenges  Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, retrieved on 23-08-2012 from:[HYPERLINK www.col.org/pcf 6/fp/zIN4327.doc}; Rinpoche S, President IU, Presidential Preface, “Higher Education – A Non Merit Good?” –  Symposium, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Routledge, Falmer, Bhatia, B. S. (2009), ‘Towards EDUSAT II’, Open Access to Textual and Multimedia Content: Bridging the Digital Divide, January 29-30, 2009 © INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad and CEC, New Delhi; Sampath, S., (2011), Interaction among the Learner, Teacher, Curriculum and Educational Programme with ICT, University News, 49(23) June 06-12, 2011; Sarma P.K. (1998), Higher Education : A Global Challenge for 21st Century, Report of the World Conference on Education India The Next Millennium, Nov. 1998, ISERD, Howrah; Sawant (Justice) PB (1996), ‘Convocation Address NM Univ. Jalgaon’, University News, Vol.XXXIV (24), June 10, 1996, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Sherlekar SA, 'The Principles of Management', Himalaya pub. Bombay, 1987; Shukla P.D. (1990), The New Education Policy in India, Sterling Publn. New Delhi; Shukla S, article on 'Higher Education and Higher Education Policy', UGC Journal of Higher Education, Vol, 15, Nos. 1-3, Monsoon spring 1989-90; Sims, M. O’Reilly & S. Sawkins (Eds), (2010), Learning to Choose: Choosing to learn. Proceedings of the 17th Annual ASCILITE Conference, Lismore, NSW: Southern Cross University Press, pp 381-390; Singh A (1997), ‘Challenges of Higher Education’, University News, Vol.35(48), Dec.1, 1997, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Snehi, Neeru, (2009), ICT in Indian Universities & Colleges: Opportunities & Challenges, Management & Change, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2009), IILM Institute for Higher Education, New Delhi retrieved from{HYPERLINK www.mimts.org/Management %20&% 20Change/9-...ICT%20in%20Indian%20Universities %20and%20 Colleges%20-%20Opportunities %20and%20Challenges.pdf}; Soloway, E. & Pryor, A. (1996), The Next Generation in Human-Computer Interaction. Communications of the ACM, 39(4), pp 16-18; Swaminadhan D (1990), ‘A Model for University Industry Symbiosis’, University News, Vol. XXVIII(20), May 14, 1990, AIU Publn., New Delhi; Swamy, Raju Narayana, (2012), Integrating ICT in Teacher Education: An Inevitable Step Towards Improving the Quality of Education, University News, 50 (06) Feb. 06-12, 2012; Swarts, Patti, (2006), ICT & the Third Revolution in Education Policy, Digital Learning, Vol. II, Issue 9, http://www.digitallearning.in/ sept06/ overview.asp;  The Hindu, (2005), The e-Learning Wave in Higher Education, news-item, Daily, July 15, 2005, retrieved by MMG on 23-08-2012 from {HYPERLINK http://digitallearning. eletsonline. com/2007/04/the-e-learning-wave-in-higher-education/; The Maharashtra Public Universities Act, 2011 : Pathway for Transforming Higher education into a Socio-Economic Development Force - Draft, 2011, Department of Higher & Technical Education, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai;  The staff of Rohrer hibler & Replogle, inc., The Managerial Challenge', Mentor Ex. Lib. Pub;, 1981; Thorat, Sukhadeo (2008) “Emerging Issues in Higher Education-Approach and Strategy in 11th Plan.” Higher Education in India- Issues Related to Expansion, Inclusiveness, Quality and Finance, University Grants Commission, New Delhi; T. Pradeep Kumar, (2010), Implementing Technology in Education: Findings from Research and Evaluation Studies, University News, 48(47), Nov. 22-28, 2010, pp 19-21; UGC, Annual Report 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, University Grants Commission, New Delhi; UGC Annual Reports 1971-72 to 2011-12; UNESCO, (2002), 'Open And Distance Learning Trends, Policy & Strategy Considerations', 14 UNESCO; Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Education, (2010), Retrieved from:-http:// download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/EI_ICT_Principles.pdf. Wishart, J. M.; Oades, C. E. & Morris, M. (2007), 'Using Online Role Play to Teach Internet Safety Awareness', Computers and Education 48(3), pp 460-473; Wright, C., (2000), Issues in Education and Technology-Policy Guidelines and Strategies, Commonwealth Secretariat, London; Yuen, A.; Law, N. & Wong, K. (2003), 'ICT implementation and school leadership Case studies of ICT integration in teaching and learning', Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 41 No. 2, pp 158-170. Wilson John P.(1999), ‘Human Resource Development’ Kogan Page Ltd. Publn., London NI 9JN; pp xxiv, pp 3-4 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-4.pdf M.M. GANDHI Commerce and Managemt Education Managerial Economics Performing Art Skill Employability HRD ICT Research Training performance appraisal ICT-enabled Business education. 6259 7 0

5 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=5 2014-10-16 This research aims to evaluate the institutions of higher education based on comprehensive quality standards that have been developed for each member of teaching in higher education institutions. Adopted this research on elements for the evaluation of the labor market in of SAIDA town in ALGERIA, The importance of this study through the reality of the quality of the outputs of the Algerian academic institutions and highlight their importance in achieving employment opportunities for beneficiaries. Garvin David A, 1988, Managing Quality: The Strategic and Competitive Edge, Harvard Business School, 105-110. Garvin David A, 1987, competing on the Eight Dimensions of Quality, Harvard business review, 15-17. Kitazawa, S., and Sarkis, J. 2000, The relationship between ISO 14001 and continuous source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 20(2),200-207. Goetsch, David L., and Stanley Davis,1995, Implementing Total Quality,implementing,95-98. Juran, Joseph M, 1986,juran’s quality handbook, fifth edition, McGraw Hill,104. Evans, James R., and William M. Lindsay, 1999, Administration y Control de La Calidad (Spanish Translation of Management and Control of Quality,Cuarta edicion,45-46. Evans, James R., and William M. Lindsay, 1999, Administration y Control de La Calidad (Spanish Translation of Management and Control of Quality,Cuarta edicion,90. Evans, James R., and William M. Lindsay, 1999, Administration y Control de La Calidad (Spanish Translation of Management and Control of Quality,Cuarta edicion,127. Juran, Joseph M, 1986,juran’s quality handbook, fifth edition, McGraw Hill,144. Juran, Joseph M, 1986,juran’s quality handbook, fifth edition, McGraw Hill,159-162. Kitazawa, S., and Sarkis, J. 2000, The relationship between ISO 14001 and continuous source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 20(2),214. Kitazawa, S., and Sarkis, J. 2000, The relationship between ISO 14001 and continuous source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 20(2),234. Kitazawa, S., and Sarkis, J. 2000, The relationship between ISO 14001 and continuous source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 20(2),255. Kitazawa, S., and Sarkis, J. 2000, The relationship between ISO 14001 and continuous source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 20(2),271. Crosby, Philip,1984, Quality without tears: the art of hassle free management. New York: McGraw Hill,25-30. Crosby, Philip,1984, Quality without tears: the art of hassle free management. New York: McGraw Hill,55. Marginson, 2004, elected as Honorary Fellow, Society for Research into Higher Education, UK,45. Crosby, Philip,1984, Quality without tears: the art of hassle free management. New York: McGraw Hill,60. Malcolm Baldrige,1997, National Quality Award Recipients, The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company,texas,201-205. James R. Evans et William M. Lindsay ,2007, Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence, seventh edition, copyrighted materiel,155-157. Crosby, Philip,1984, Quality without tears: the art of hassle free management. New York: McGraw Hill,75. Evans, James R., and William M. Lindsay, 1999, Administration y Control de La Calidad (Spanish Translation of Management and Control of Quality,Cuarta edicion,50. Evans, James R., and William M. Lindsay, 1999, Administration y Control de La Calidad (Spanish Translation of Management and Control of Quality,Cuarta edicion,75-77 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-5.pdf ABDEL MADJID BADRI Education TQM labour market educational institutions higher education. 6254 3 0

6 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=6 2014-10-16 This paper investigates the entrepreneurship education concerns in South African universities through Enactus (formerly known as SIFE) South Africa (SA) students. Stratified sampling was used to gather data from a population of Enactus SA students represented at the “Enactus Annual National Competition 2013”. A sample size of 355 student’s responded to the research instrument (questionnaire). The findings of the study suggest that Enactus student’s entrepreneurship education or knowledge is better than most ordinary students in South Africa, since these students are trained entrepreneurially through Enactus entrepreneurial projects. The need for universities to produce graduates that are ready to engage in entrepreneurship activity is more severe in the recent South African youth unemployment crisis. Recommendations for universities are provided in the findings and discussions of the study. African Economic Outlook. 2012. Youth unemployment: five challenges for North Africa. Available: www.africaneconomicoutlook.org [Accessed 11/05/2013]. Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M. M. & Ramzan, M. 2011. Do external factors influence students' entrepreneurial inclination. Actual Problems of Economics, 11, 348-355. Central Intelligence Agency 2013. The world factbook. Co, M. J. & Mitchell, B. 2006. Entrepreneurship education in South Africa. Education + Training, 48, 59-348. European Commission 2008. Progress in promoting entrepreneurial attitudes and skills through primary and secondary education. Final report of the expert group "Education and Training". Brussels, Belgium: Entreprise Directorate General of the European Commision. Fayolle, A., Gailly, B. & Lassas-Clerc, N. 2006. Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: a new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30, 701-720. Field, A. 2009. Discovering statistics using SPSS, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage. Fiet, J. O. 2001. The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 1-24. Gregory, M. 2011. The strategic and planning value of institutional research in tracking graduate employment. British Council and the Association of the Commonwealth Universities. Herrington, M., Kew, J., Simrie, M. & Turton, N. 2011. Global entrepreneurship monitor South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Hynes, B. 1996. Entrepreneurship education and training - introducing entreprenuership into non-business disciplines. Journal of European Industrial Training 20, 10-17. Industrial Research Institute 2010. Research management. Michigan: Industrial Research Institute. Kabongo, J. D. & Okpara, J. O. 2010. Entrepreneurship education in sub-Saharan African universities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 16, 296-308. Kaijage, E. & Wheeler, D. 2013. Supporting entrepreneurship education in East Africa. London: Plymouth Business School. Kew, J. 2012. A co-ordinated approach critical to promote youth entrepreneurship. Opinion Obstacles and Opportunities for Youth Entrepreneurship, 33-37. Kim, J. & Park, J. 2008. The status of entrepreneurship education in Korea. News Letter. Korea Federation of Small and Medium Business (KBIZ). Klassen, S. & Woolard, I. 2008. Surviving unemployment without state support: unemployment and household formation in South Africa. Journal of African Economies, 18, 1-51. Laukkanen, M. 2000. Exploring alternative approaches in high-level entrepreneurship education: creating micro-mechanisms for endogenous regional growth. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12, 25-47. Martinez, A. C., Levie, J., Kelley, D. J., Saemundsson, R. J. & Schoott, T. 2010. Global entreprenurship monitor special report: a global perspective on entrepreneurship education and training. Maxim, P. S. 1999. Quantitative research methods in the social sciences, New York, Oxford University Press. Mouton, J. 2001. How to succeed in your Masters and Doctoral studies. A south African guide and resource book, Pretoria, Van Schaik. Nicolaides, A. 2011. Entrepreneurship - the role of higher education in South Africa. Educational Research, 2, 1043-1050. Paco, A. D., Ferreira, J., Rasposo, M., Rodrigues, R. G. & Dinis, A. 2010. Universities' entreprenurship education and regional development: a stakeholders' approach. Texto Para Discussao, 2, 1-20. Pallant, J. 2010. SPSS Survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS, Berkshire, UK, McGraw Hill. Pittaway, L. & Cope, J. 2007. Entrepreneurship education - a systematic review of the evidence. International Small Business Journal, 25, 477-506. Rae, D. 2010. Universities and enterprise education: responding to the challenges of the new era. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17, 591-606. Rajasekar, S., Philominathan, P. & Chinnathambi, V. 2006. Research methodology. Ar XIV Physics [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0601009v2 [Accessed 8/18/2013]. Rasmussen, E. A. & Sorheim, R. 2006. Action-based entrepreneurship education. Technovation, 26, 185-194. Seale, C. 2004. Social reseach methods. In: JENKS, C. (ed.). London & New York: Routledge. Stangor, C. 2011. Research methods for the behavioral sciences, USA, Wadsworth. Statistics South Africa. 2012. Unemployment rate. Quarterly labour force survey [Online]. Available: www.statssa.gov.za [Accessed 10/09/2012]. Tshikovhi, N. & Shambare, R. 2012. Entreprenurship intentions of students in free entreprise at Tshwane University of Technology. Academy of Markets & Commerce, 1, 1-5. Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D. & Thurik, R. 2001. An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship. Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute. Vesper, K. H. & Gartner, W. B. 1997. Measuring progress in entrepreneurship education. Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 403-421. Xavier, S. R., Kelley, D. J., Kew, J., Herrington, M. & Vorderwulbecke, A. 2012. Global entrepreneurship Monitor: global report. Babson College, Universidad del Desarrollo, Universiti Turi Abdul Razak and London Business School https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-6.pdf NDIVHUHO TSHIKOVHI ALTHEA MVULA Entrepreneurship education Enactus Universities Higher education Institution 5844 2 0

7 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=7 2014-10-16 This study examined talent management strategies of higher education institutions with specific reference to private higher education institutions (PHEIs) that offer professional and academic qualifications up to degree level in Botswana. Higher education in Botswana consists of both public and private higher education institutions. The scope of this study was on private higher education institutions. Literature shows that talent management in higher education institutions is a relatively new and untapped opportunity despite its importance in offering these institutions a proven and practical way for driving competitive advantage. The main objective of this study therefore was to investigate the different talent management strategies private higher education institutions in Botswana use to attract and retain talent. Results of this study showed that talent management strategies of private higher education institution in Botswana is still work in progress as in a number of cases the knowledge and ability to implement talent management strategies were seen as lacking in these institutions. For data collection, this study employed a structured questionnaire adapted from MOR (n.d.). Babbie, Earl R.  (2010). The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA:   Wadsworth Cengage.  Beechler, S. & Woodward, I.C.(2009). The Global War of Talent. Journal of  International Management, 15: 273–285  Behrstock, E. (2010). Talent Management in the Private and Education Sectors: a literature  review. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509967.pdf [Accessed  21st December 2013]. Bhatnagar, J., (2007). Talent management strategy of employee engagement in Indian  ITES employees: Key to retention. Employee Relations, 29(6):640- 663.  Bhatt, M. P. & Behrstock-Sherratt, E. (2010).Managing educator talent: Promising practices    and lessons from Midwestern states. Learning Point Associates. Retrieved from:   http://www.learningpt.org/pdfs/MET_Promising_Practices_Regional.pdf     [Accessed 15th December 2013] Bradford, S (2005). Topgrading (How To Hire, Coach and Keep “A” Players). Retrieved from  www.amazon.com/Topgrading-Hire-Coach-Keep.../dp/094400234X‎ [Accessed   20th November 2013]. Campbell, M. & Smith, R. (2010).High Potential Talent: A View from inside the leadership   pipeline. Retrieved from www.ccl.org [Accessed 16th November 2013]. Clark, D. B. (2009)."Talent management strategies for public procurement professionals in glob    Oganizations."Retrieved from    www.ippa.org/IPPC5/Proceedings/Part12/PAPER12- 3.pdf‎ [Accessed 11th  October 2013]. Clark, D.B. (2009). Talent Management Strategies for Public Procurement Professionals     in Global organisations. Retrieved from  www.ippa.org/IPPC5/Proceedings/Part12/Paper12-3.pdf [Accessed 17th   September 2013]. Cobb, A. (2007). Driving Competitive Advantage for your University with talent Management.   Retrieved from www.universitybusiness.com/.../driving-competitive-advantage-   your-  university.pdf [Accessed 12th august 2013]. Conti, A.J. (2008). Strategies for Talent management: Greater Philadelphia Companies in  Action. Retrieved from www.selectgreaterphiladelphia.com.[Assessed 16th  November 2013]. Ernst and Young, (2010).How six key developments are shaping the business world. Retrieved    from http://www.scribd.com/doc/51977801/Tracking-Global-Trends-2011 [Accessed 21st November 2013]. Fitz-enz, J., Davison, B. (2002).How to measure human resources management. 3rd ed. New  York: McGraw -Hill.  Heidke, J.D. 2006.Benefits of effective Talent Management include. ASTD Presentation.  Retrieved        from    www.fasset.org.za/downloads/.../talent_man_sdf_long_article_website.pdf  [Accessed 7th January 2014]. Hewitt, A. (2012). 2012 Higher Education survey: The State of Human Resources Effectiveness. Retrieved from www.aonhewitt.com [Accessed 16th November 2013]. Imazeki, J., & Goe, L.(2009).The distribution of highly-qualified, experienced teachers:  Challenges and opportunities (TQ Research & Policy Brief).Washington, DC: National    Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality.  Lavania, D; Sharma, H & Gupta, N. (2011).Recruitment and Retention: A Key for Managing talent in Higher. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems, 1(2): 1-14. Lawler, E.E. (2008). Strategic Talent Management: Lessons learned the corporate world.   Madison, WI: Consortium for Policy Research in Education. Leithwood, K. A., Louis, K. S., Anderson, S. E., &Wahlstrom, K. L. (2004).How leadership influences student learning. New York: The Wallace Foundation.  Lynch,  D. (2007). Can Higher Education Manage Talent? Retrieved from  http://www.insidehired.com/views/2007/11/27/lynch [Accessed 15th   November 2013]. McCartney, C. & Worman, D. (2013). Talent Management: Current and Future Trends. Retrieved from   www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/.../Talentmanagement28May2013.pdf  [Accessed 18th November 2013]. Michaels, E., Handfield- Jones, H., Axelrod, B., 2001. The war for talent. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. MOR (n.d.).The State of Talent Management in Higher Education. Retrieved from  http://www.morassociates.com/sites/default/files/docs/MOR-State-of-talent- Management-in-Higher-Education [Accessed 17th September 2013]. O’Callaghan, A. (2008). Talent Management Review. Retrieved from     www.fasset.org.za/downloads/.../taleng_man_sdf_long_article_ website.pdf  [accessed 22nd November 2013]. Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Coster, C., &Besen, E. (2009).Ager and Generation: Understanding experiences at the workplace (research Highlight 6). Boston: The Sloan center on Aging and Work at Boston College.  Rivkin, S., Hanushek, E., & Kain, J.(2005).Teachers, schools, and academic achievement.  Econometrica, 73(2): 417–458. Salt, B. (2007).Beyond the Baby Boomers: The rise of Generation Y – Opportunities and Challenges  for the funds management industry. Zurich, Switzerland: KPMG  International.  Shaffer, J. (2008). Gen Y talent: How to attract and retain the young and the restless (White  paper). Redwood Shores, CA: Saba.  Smylie, M.A., & Wenzel, S.A. (2006).Promoting Instructional Improvement: A Strategic Human Resources Perspective. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research.  Success Factors (2013).Talent Management for Small and Medium-sized Businesses: Steer  your business to handle change by creating the right road map for your talent journey.  Retrieved from www.successfactors.com/en_us/.../talent-management.html.[Accessed 16thNovember 2013]. Towers Watson (2012).The Talent Management and Rewards Imperative for 2012: Leading    Through Uncertain Times. The 2011/2012 Talent Management and Rewards Study,   North America. https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-7.pdf NORMAN RUDHUMBU Talent Talent Management talent management strategies success factors private higher education. 5510 8 0

8 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=8 2014-10-16 Mentoring is defined as the process by which an experienced, productive and knowledgeable senior employee helps to develop a less experienced employee called the protégé. It is one of the approaches of staff career development. Since there are basically two approaches to mentoring relationships, the purpose of this paper is to examine the appropriate mentoring approach to be developed in Nigerian universities for performance improvement and organizational effectiveness. A critical review of relevant literature suggested that for the choice of a mentor, he or she should be able to remain objective to give good career advice to the protégé and therefore someone who does not have direct supervising responsibility is preferable. On this note we recommended that formal mentoring should be in place in Nigerian universities. This will effectively checkmate the output of the junior academics in term of quality research and good teaching. Adebayo, Y.K. (2006).Essential of human resource management; Benin City: Otoghagua (Nig.) Enterprises. Ahiewe, H. (2010).Personnel management: New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Douglas, C. &Macaulay, C. (1999). Formal development relationships: a survey of organizational practices; Human Resource Development; 5(4); 77-85. Dressier,G. (2006).A framework for human resource management; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey; Prentice-Hall. Grant, J.U. and Smith, G. (2005).Personnel administration and industrial relations; London: Longman Jossi., F. (1997).Mentoring in changing times; Training; 50-54(6); 35-48. Kaye, B. and Jackson, B. (1995).Mentoring: a group guide; Training and Development; April, 23-27. Murray, M. (2000). GE mentoring programming turns underling into teachers of the web; The Wall Street Journal; February; 15-I 6. Noe, W. A. (2005).Employee training and development; Boston; McGraw-Hill. O’Brien, J.A. (2008).An introduction to computers in business management; New York; Holt Rinehart and Winston. Poe, A. (2002). Establishing Positive Mentoring Relationships,” HR Magazine. February, 6249. Solomon, C.M. (1995).Hotel breathes Life into hospital’s customer service; Personnel Journal; October, 120-128 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-8.pdf LOVE O. ARUGU LAWRENCE I. NWEAKE Mentoring relationship typology training Universities Nigeria 5398 3 0

9 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=9 2014-10-16 This paper focuses on developing first stage or entry level Technology or Knowledge Transfer activities in relative young universities. The method used is adapting business plan approach to universities’ development work. Our main focus lies on the concept of Knowledge- or Technology Transfer Organisation. The qualitative data consists of workshops conducted in Albanian universities during 2013 and 2014, and the results of the development work done in the Albanian universities. Critical Success Factors for establishing an effective Technology Transfer Organisation are evaluated with the observations in these universities. In addition, the critical functions for a Technology or Knowledge Transfer Organisation are located on a Business Plan Template. Debackere, Koenraad (2012) The TTO, a University Engine transforming Science into Innovation, LERU - League of European Research Universities, Advice Paper n:o 10, Jan. 2012. Rasmussen, Einar; Benneworth Paul; Gulbrandsen, Magnus (2013) Developing University Innovation Capacity: How can innovation policy effectively harness universities? capability to promote high-growth technology businesses?, 35th DRUID Celebration Conference 2013, Barcelona, Spain, June 17-19 Pertuzé, Julio A; Calder, Edward S.;Greitzer, Edward M.;Lucas, William A.(2010) Best practices for University-Industry Collaboration, MITSloan Management Review, Vol. 51 n:o 4, Summer 2010 Bercovitz, Janet; Feldmann, Maryann (2010) EntpreprenerialUniversities and Technology Transfer: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Knowledge-Based Economic Development, Journal of Technology Transfer, 31: 175–188, 2006. University of Turku Strategy 2013-2016, University of Turku 2012 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-1_c-9.pdf SEPPALA, KAAPO M SINERVO, PETTERI CHARPENTRON, CELINE University third mission technology-transfer Albanian universities business plan approach 5184 6 0