IJHEM 2054-9849 2054-9857 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJHEM/ 2 Volume 01 Issue 2 2015-02-01 https://ijhem.com/cdn/issue_file/Volume%201_Number%202.pdf

10 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=10 2015-04-11 Due to an increase in globalization, international business, and the Tokyo Olympics being held in 2020, Japan faces a growing need to develop a population with the English language skills and cultural awareness needed for global success. The need to address these goals has been noted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) who is spending large amounts of money on various initiatives in schools, universities, and businesses across Japan. This papers outlines some of the key policy changes and educational initiatives that are being spearheaded by MEXT in order to develop the Japanese populason’s English language proficiency and to create a more international higher education system in order for Japan to remain competitive on the global arena. These initiatives will then be framed within the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) or English as an international language (EIL). Finally, this paper specifically describes a number of programs, all of which have received considerable funding from MEXT, that have been developed at one university in Tokyo to develop globally minded bilingual individuals capable of performing in international academic or business contexts. Results of some of these programs are described in terms of language gains, study abroad placement, and post-graduation employment statistics. Aloiau, E. K. W. (2008). The Design of the International Program English Curriculum. The Soka Economic Studies.37, March 2008. 107-127. Bircan, E. (2013). English as a lingua franca for global business communication. American Academic & Scholarly Research Journal, 5(6). Block, D. (2010). Globalization and Language Teaching. In N. Coupland (Ed.), The  Handbook of Language and Globalization (pp. 287-304). Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Butler, Y. G. (2007). Foreign language education at elementary schools in Japan:  Searching for solutions amidst growing diversification.Current Issues in Language Planning, 8(2), 129-147. Grabe, W. and Stoller, F.L. (1997). Content-based instruction: research foundations. In  M.A. Snow & D.M. Brinton (eds.), The content-based classroom. White Plains, NY: Longman. 5-21. Kirkpatrick, A. (2012). English as an International Language in Asia: Implications for  language education. In Kirkpatric, A. & Sussex, R (Eds.). English as an International Language in Asia: Implications for language education . Dordrecht: Springer. McKenzie (2010).Relevant Language Attitude Research.The Social Psychology of English as a Global Language (Vol. 10, pp. 41-71): Springer Netherlands. Miichi, K. (2010, 7, 17). More colleges offer courses taught in English. The Asahi  Shimbun.Retrieved October, 25, 2010, from  http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007160463.html Mondejar, M., Laurier, J., Valdivia, L., Mboutsiadis , B., & Sanchez , E. (2012). Language  policy in Japan: Shifting paradigms. In K. Bradford - Watts, R. Chartrand, & E. Skier (Eds.), The 2011 Pan - SIG Conference Proceedings. Matsumoto: JALT. N.A. (2014).English Education Reform Plan Corresponding to Globalization.Ministry of  Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Tokyo. Accessed on November 7th 2014 from http://www.mext.go.jp/english/topics/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2014/01/23/1343591_1.pdf N.A. (2014). Faculty of Liberal Arts: Overview. Soka University, Tokyo.Accessed on  November 7th 2014 from http://fila.soka.ac.jp/en/overview.html N.A. (2014).Global program to develop human resources. Soka University, Tokyo. Accessed on November 7th 2014 from http://www.soka.ac.jp/en/department/global/ N.A. (2014).National University Reform Plan (Summary).Ministry of Education, Culture,  Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).Tokyo. Accessed on November 7th, 2014 from http://www.mext.go.jp/english/topics/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2014/01/23/1343591_1.pdf N.A. (2014). Special English zones proposed as part of Cool Japan tourism initiative.  Japantoday.com. Aug. 28, 2014 06:51AM JST. Accessed on Nov 5th from  http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/special-english-zones-proposed-as-part-of-cool-japan-tourism-initiative Shimomura, H. (2014). Statement by Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and  Technology of Japan on the October 12 International New York Times article "Japan's Divided Education Strategy". Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). October 31, 2014. Accessed on Nov 10th, 2014 from  http://www.mext.go.jp/english/topics/1353287.htm Shimamura, H. (2013). Global 30 Universities.The Japan Times, Sept. 30. 2013. Accessed  on Nov 10th from http://info.japantimes.co.jp/ads/pdf/20130902_global_30_universities.pdf Yoshida, K. (2008). TEFL in Japan: An overview. AILA Presentation. August 25, 2008.  Retrieved on November 2nd, 2014 from http://pweb.cc.sophia.ac.jp/1974ky/TEFLinJapan.pd https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-10.pdf DARRELL WILKINSON Keywords Japanese Education Educational Reform Globalization Curriculum Design Bilingual Education English as a Lingua Franca 5726 19 0

11 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=11 2015-04-11 This study aimed at presenting the University Teaching and Learning training program UTL and determining the efficiency of the UTL on developing the teaching competencies of the teaching staff at Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University in Saudi Arabia. The study subjects were (30) female university instructors from AL Imam University. A training group of university instructors was studied at the beginning of their training and one year later. Evidence is reported of changes over time relating to the teaching competencies performance scale improved by the researchers focusing on six competencies; Lecture Planning, Lecture Orientation, Teaching the Lecture, Asking Questions, Course Materials, and Classroom Management. The current study reports evidence of a range of positive changes in instructors' teaching competencies in the training group. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the performance of the training group before and after training on the pre and post-observation scale, favoring to the post –observation in improving the teaching competencies. The study recommends adopting the UTL training program used in this study to develop the teaching competencies of instructors in Saudi Universities. It also recommends organizing the content of the university text books to cope with the creative learning forms. Bataineh S, Dababneh K, Baniabdelrahman A. (2010). Competencies of learning for general education teachers in regular classroom in Jordan. University of Sharjah. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 7: 27-45.   BorichG .(1977). The appraisal of teaching: concepts and process. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Brownell M, Ross D, Colon E, McCallum C. (2005). Critical features of teacher preparation: A comparison with general teacher education. J. Spec. Educ. 38: 244-251. Dilts R. (2002). Training, modeling and consUTLing. Santa Cruz: CA. Gilberts G, Lignugaris-Kraft B. (1997). Classroom management and instruction competencies for preparing teachers’. Teach. Teach. Educ. 13: 597-610 Huizen P, Oers B, Wubbels T. (2005). A Vygotskian perspective on teacher education. J. Curriculum Stud. 37: 267-290 Ismail H, Al-Zoubi S, Bani Abdel Rahman M,  Al-Shabatat A. (2009). Competency Based Teacher  Education (CBTE): A Training Module for Improving Knowledge Competencies for Resource Room Teachers in Jordan. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. 10: 166-178. Jones V, Lowe M. (1990). Changing teacher behavior: effective staff development. Adult Learn. 7: 8-10 King S, King M, Rothwell W. (2001). The complete guide to training delivery: Acompetency-based approach. New York: American Management Association. Killoran J, Templeman T, Peters J, Udell T. (2001). Identifying paraprofessional competencies for  education. Council of Education. 34: 68- 73. Lerner J. (2003).Teaching strategies, (9 th ed.) Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Monjan S, Gassner S. (1979). Critical issues in competency based education. New York: Pergamon Press Inc. Nielson L. (1979). An in-service program for university teachers. J. Learn. Disabil. 6: 70-74. Saeed M, Mhamood K. (2002). Assessing competency of Pakistan University Teachers in mathematics, science and pedagogy. Int. J. Educ. Manage. 16: 190-195. Salleh A. (1995). In-service training needs assessment for Malaysian university teachers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan. Ysseldyke J, Algozzine B. (1982). Critical issues in education. New York: Houghton Mifflin https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-11.pdf BASMAH ISSA TLELAN AL SALEEM EMAN MOHAMMAD ALROWAITHI UTL Training program Active learning Saudi Arabia University Teaching Learning teaching staff 5585 7 0

12 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=12 2015-04-11 Although market segmentation is one of the most important strategic management tools available for business managers, and has been part of the marketing/business curriculum for years, it is commonly taught from a theoretical perspective leaving students ill-prepared to tackle this challenge in the real world. This paper seeks to bridge the gap between segmentation as practiced by marketers and as commonly taught in the classroom. An eight step process that was developed, refined, and has been successfully implemented in multiple live case/consulting projects during the past ten years at the undergraduate, graduate, and executive education level is presented. Beane, T.P. and D.M. Ennis (1987). Market Segmentation: A Review. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 21 (5), 20-42. Boone, L.E. and D.L. Kurtz (2014). Contemporary Marketing, 16th ed. Mason: Cengage Learning. Dickson, P.R. and J.L. Ginter (1987). Market Segmentation, Product Differentiation, and Marketing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 51 (April), 1-10. Grewal, D. and M. Levy (2014). Marketing, 4th ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Haley, R.I. (1968). Benefit Segmentation: A Decision-oriented Research Tool. Journal of Marketing, 32 (July), 30-35. Johnson, R.M. (1971). Market Segmentation: a Strategic Management Tool. Journal of Marketing Research, 8 (February), 13-18. Kamakura, W.A. and G.J. Russell (1989). A Probabilistic Choice Model for Market Segmentation and Elasticity Structure. Journal of Marketing Research, 26 (November), 379-90. Kotler, P. and K.L. Keller (2012). Marketing Management, 14th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lambin, Jean-Jacques (1997). Strategic Marketing Management, London: McGraw-Hill. Perreault Jr., W.D., J.P. Cannon, and E.J. McCarthy (2011). Basic Marketing, 18th ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Pride, W.M. and O.C. Ferrell (2014). Marketing, 17th ed. Mason: Cengage Learning Schibrowsky, J.A., J.W. Peltier, and R.H. Collins (1999). Bootstrap Benefit Segmentation as an Experiential Learning Activity. Journal of Marketing Education, 21 (April), 34-43. Sismeiro, C., N. Mizik, and R.E. Bucklin (2008). A New Dynamics-based Segmentation Approach for Maximizing Long-term Marketing Impact. Marketing Science Institute Reports, Issue 2, Report No. 08-109, 63-92. Smith, W.R. (1956). Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies. Journal of Marketing, 21 (July), 3-8 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-12.pdf FRANCISCO GUZMÃN Segmentation Marketing Strategy Teaching Method 6358 6 0

13 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=13 2015-04-11 This paper critically evaluates the role and development of higher education vis-à-vis the role and responsibility, obligations of Central and State Governments, Higher educational institutions, etc. This paper argues that the higher education is a public service and a ‘good’. This paper analyses current status and various patterns of financing, pricing the higher education. This paper highlights the current status of and gaps in practices of higher educational institutions in financial management and disclosure of accounting information to their stakeholders. This paper points out that in the fast changing socio-economic context, the higher education system will be exposed to greater pressure for expansion, which needs effective pricing of the higher education so as to provide comprehensive finances to university & colleges. This paper argues that the utilization of finance & funds must be strictly in accordance with the set terms and conditions, rules and regulations, and hence, the accounting standards must be widely accepted in practice in which the statutory obligation should be increased and ensured in consultations with the professional and regulatory bodies. The paper concludes that the gaps in practices should be seriously detected and checked so as to safeguard the interests of the persons and bodies financing the higher education, and for that the effective information system should be ensured to satisfy the aforesaid users of accounting information. AIU (1991) Decentralisation of Higher Education System, AIU Publn; New Delhi, p. 101-116; AIU (1991) Financial Deficits in Universities, AIU Publn. New Delhi, pp. 17-20, 31-38; Anuradha De and Tanuka Endow, (2008), Collaborative Research and Dissemination is the lead research organisation in India working with the Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (RECOUP), a DFID supported research, ©2008 Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty WP08/18, Retrieved from :- http://recoup.educ.cam.ac.uk/publications/WP18-ADfin.pdf ; FICCI, (2012), Higher Education in India in Twelfth Plan (2012-2017) and beyond, FICCI Higher Education Summit 2012, Planning Commission of India ;  Financial Management in Higher Education - HIED 6/76666, Kent State ... Retrived from :-www.kent.edu/ ehhs/hied/degrees/upload/finance.pdf‎ Govt. of India (1985) Challenge of Education Policy Perspective GOI, New Delhi pp. 119; Govt. of India (1986) National Policy on Education 1986 GOI N. Delhi pp. 29; Govt. of India (1989) Towards an Enlightened and Human Society, reports of the Committee for Review of the National Policy on Education 1986, GOI New Delhi pp. 409; Govt. of India (1992) Programme of Action 1992 National Policy on Education, 1986, revised 1992 [Reprinted by UGC] New Delhi pp. 250; Govt. of India (1997) Govt. subsidies India. Discussion Paper Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance pp. 20; Govt. of Maharashtra (1992) Report of Committee constituted to recommend revised draft of the proposed Non-Agricultural Universities Bill – 1992; Jafgar M. Agrawal SS (1997) Accounting Standards & Gaps in Practices Indian Journal of Commerce, Dec 97, Qly publn of ICA Bhubaneshwar, pp. 161-164; Tilak, Jandhyala B.G., Varghese, N.V. (1991), Financing Higher Education in India, Higher Education, Vol. 21, No. 1, Higher Education in Developing Countries, (Jan. 1991), Springer Publn. pp. 83-101; Natrajan S. (1990), Economics of Education, Sterling Publn. New Delhi, pp. 51-56; Powar K. B. (1996) Unit Costs in Higher Education AIU New Delhi pp. 14; Powar K. B. (1997) Higher Education in India since Independence : Retrospect and Future option AIU, New Delhi pp. 5; Sahu S. C. (1996) Accreditation of Universities and Colleges : to be linked with funding, College Post, ICF journal, New Delhi pp. 12; Strategic Financial Analysis for Higher Education, Retrieved  from:=file:///C:/Documents%20and% 20Settings/ Flatron/Desktop/raihe6.pdf ; Tilak J.B.G., Pricing Higher Education, UGC. Occasional Paper No. 2 UGC New Delhi, pp. 6-8; Turan M.S., Bodia B.S. (1997) Accouning Standard - Some Issues, Indian Journal of Commerce, Dec 97, Qly publn of ICA Bhubaneshwar, pp. 146-147; UGC (1990) Report of the UGC Committee [Gnanam Committee] towards New Educational Management, New Delhi p. 82-84; UGC (1994) UGC Theme Paper on NAAC new Delhi pp. 8-11; UGC (2002-10), Annual Report 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10, University Grants Commission, New Delhi; UGC (2011), Booklet “Inclusive And Qualitative Expansion of Higher Education” :  Compilation Based on the Deliberations of the Working Group for Higher Education in the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-17), UGC Publn. November, 2011, Chapter 1, pp 1-10 and Chapter 4, pp 66-73; University News, (2014), Higher Education at a Glance, Vol. 52, N0. 7, Special Issue, Feb. 14-23, 2014 AIU publn., New Delhi; Verma H.I, Garg M.C., Singh K.P. (1997) Disclosure of Accounting Standards, Indian Journal of Commerce, Dec 97, Qly publn. of ICA Bhubaneshwar pp. 131. WEBSITES ACCESSED AIU, New Delhi; Department of Higher Education, Government of Maharashtra; http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=89764; http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-accreditation-regulatory-authority-for-higher-educational-institutions-bill-2010-1140/; MHRD, Department of Higher Education, India, Viewed 20 June 2012, http://education. nic.in/ sector. asp/;Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, Viewed 20 June 2012 ,http://education.nic.in/; NAAC,  http://www.naac.gov.in/  # http://mhrd.gov.in/naac  University Grants Commission, New Delhi; http://www.ugc.gov.in/ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-13.pdf MM GANDHI Role and Development of Higher Education Financial Management of Universities and College Public Service Financing Pricing Accounting Standards Gaps in Practices Stakeholders 5578 8 0

14 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=14 2015-04-11 Technology is capable of revolutionizing the management of higher education institutions and improving services they provide. However, this does not happen in many cases because, either the appropriate technology is not available, or because technology is simply not used. The last decade has seen substantial investments in technology infrastructure for higher education enterprises. Resource constrains and accreditations requirements oblige higher education institutions to set their technology priority and select the most appropriate systems. This paper suggests and empirically evaluates a predicting Higher Education Management Information Systems (HEMIS) use model. Built on well-established information systems user’s behavioural models, the model suggested by this research hypothesizes that degree of interactivity have significant effect on HEMIS use, where user’s attitude and intension to use are mediator factors. The paper reports the findings of an experiential survey study, conducted over 110 higher education administration staff of different managerial levels, in 7 different higher education entities, looking at their use of three types of HEMIS. Structural Equation Modelling is employed to evaluate the goodness-to-fit of the suggested model. The results provide empirical evidence on how interactivity affects user behaviour in HEMIS context. Furthermore, the study reports some interesting findings concerning the use of HEMIS highly interactive tools within the enviro Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behaviour. In J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann (Eds.). Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior. Springer. 11-39. ISBN: 0-38713-445x. Chin, W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modelling. In G., Marcoulides (Ed.). Modern Methods for Business Research: Methodology for Business & Management Series. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 295-336. ISBN: 0805826777   Davis, F., D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-339.  El Said, G., R. (2014). Card Sorting Assessing User attitude in E-Learning. In P. Zaphiris and A. Loannou (Eds.). Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing and Developing Novel Learning Experiences. Proceedings of the 16st Human Computer Interaction HCI International Conference. Springer Publication. Crete, Greece, 22-27 June 2014, 261 – 272. Filkins, W. J., Kehoe, E. L. and McLaughlin, W. G. (2001). Retention Research: Issues in Comparative Analysis. The Annual Meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Long Beach, CA, June 2001. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. MA: Addison-Wesley. Gefen, D. (2000). E-commerce: The Role of Familiarity and Trust. Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 28, 725-737.  Gefen, D. and Straub, D. (2003). Managing User Trust in B2C e-Services, E-Service Journal, 2(2), Spring 2003, 7-24. Available at: http://www.e-sj.org/, last access: 10 August 2005.  Giardina, M. (1992), Interactivity and intelligent advisory strategies in a multimedia learning environment: human factors, design issues and technical considerations. In M. Giardina (Ed.). Interactive Multimedia Learning Environments: Human Factors and Technical Considerations on Design Issues. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Goldstein, J, P. (2005). Academic Analytics: The Uses of Management Information and Technology in Higher Education. ECAR Key Findings, Educause Center for Applied Research. December 2005. Graham, A. E., and Morse, R J. (1998).  Our method explained.  U.S. News and World Report, 125(8), 82-83. Johnson, J. L.  (2000). Learning communities and special efforts in retention of university students:  What works, what doesn’t and is the return worth the investment?  Journal of College Student Retention:  Research, Theory & Practice, 2(3), 219-238. Keil, M., Tan, B., Wei, K., Saarinen, T., Tuunainen, V. and Wassenaar, A. (2000). A Cross-Cultural Study on Escalation of Communication Behaviour in Software Projects. MIS Quarterly. Jun 2000, 24(2), 299-325.  Kettanurak, V., Ramamurthy, K. and Haseman, W. D. (2001). User attitude as a mediator of learning performance improvement in an interactive multimedia environment: an empirical investigation of the degree of interactivity and learning styles. International Journal of Human Computer Studies: Incorporating Knowledge Acquisition, 54 (4), April, 541-583. King, S. E. and Chepyator-Thomson, J. R. (1996).  Factors affecting the enrolment and persistence of African-American doctoral students.  Physical Educator, 53(4), 170-181. Krathwohl, D. (1997). Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: an Integrated Approach, Addison Wesley Longman, 2nd edition. ISBN: 0-8013-2029-1. Levitz, R. S., Noel, L. and Richter, B. J. (1999). Strategic Moves for Retention Success.  New Directions for Higher Education, 1999(108), 31-49. McGrath, M. and Braunstein, A.  (1997).The prediction of freshmen attrition: An examination of the importance of certain demographic, academic, financial, and social factors.  College Student Journal, 31, 396-408. Morris, M. and Dillon, A. (1997). How User Perceptions Influence Software Use. IEEE Software, 14(4), 58-65. Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. Academic Press. ISBN: 0-12-518406-9. Pascarella, E. T. (1980). Student-faculty informal contact and college outcomes.  Review of Educational Research, 50, 545-595. Sanyal, C, B.  (1994). The Use of computerized information systems to increase efficiency in university management.  Higher Education Management Information Systems (HEMIS) Seminar, Yunnan University, China, 12-16 December 1994. Shields, N.  (1994). Retention, academic success, and progress among adult, returning students: A comparison of the effects of institutional and external factors.  NACADA Journal, 14(1), 13-24. Tabachnick, B. and Fidell, L. (2000). Using Multivariate Statistics. Allyn and Bacon, 4th edition. ISBN: 0-321-05677-9. Taylor, S. And Todd, P.A. (1995). Understanding Information Technology Usage: A Test of Competing Models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176. Thompson, R., Barclay, D. and Higgins, C. (1995). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Causal Modelling: Personal Computer Adoption and Use as an Illustration. Technology Studies: Special Issue on Research Methodology, 2 (2), 284-324. Zack, M. (1993). Interactivity and communication mode choice in ongoing management groups. 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15 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=15 2015-04-11 The study investigated undergraduates’ computer self-efficacy, computer-related technology dependence and their online learning readiness. It adopted a correlational study and using simple random sampling technique 129 first year undergraduates were sampled. Major findings indicated that male undergraduates have higher mean scores in computer self-efficacy and online readiness than female students, while females had slightly higher mean scores in computer related technology dependence. Gender significant differences occurred only in computer self-efficacy. Self-efficacy increased significantly with years of experience. However, students’ years of use of computer did not account for significant differences in computer-related technology dependence and their online learning readiness. There was significant relationship between computer self-efficacy, and computer-related technology dependence of undergraduates (r=.323, p Aydin, C. H., & Tasci, D. (2005). Measuring readiness for e-learning: Reflections from an  emerging country. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (4), 244-257. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior. New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bandura, A. (2000). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness.  In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of Principles of Organization Behavior. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Capara, G. V. & Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development, 72, (1), 187-206. Barbeite, F. G, & Weiss, E. M. (2004). Computer self-efficacy and anxiety scales for an Internet sample: testing measurement equivalence of existing measures and development of new scales. Computers in Human Behavior 20 (2004) 1–15. Bauer, W. I. (2003). Gender differences and the computer self-efficacy of pre-service music teachers. Journal of Technology in Music Learning, 2, (1),9-15. Brosnan, M. J. (1998). The impact of computer anxiety and self-efficacy upon performance. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14, 223-234. Chou C., Condron, L. & Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17,(4), 363-388. Cintrón, R. & Lang, J. R. (nd). Preparing students for online education: A case study of a readiness module Doyle, E., Stamouli, I.  & Huggard, M.  (2005). Computer anxiety, self-efficacy, computer experience: An investigation throughout a Computer Science degree. A paper presented at the 35th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference Indianapolis, IN. Ekizoglu, N. & Ozcinar, Z. (2010). The relationship between the teacher candidates’ computer and internet based anxiety and perceived self-efficacy. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2 (2010) 5881–5890. Galpin, V., Sanders, I., Turner, H. & Venter, B. (2005). Gender and educational background and their effect on computer self-efficacy and perceptions. http://www.cs.wits.ac.za/ Galy, E., Downey, C., & Johnson, J. (2011). The effect of using e-learning tools in online and campus-based classrooms on student performance. Journal of Information Technology Education, 10, 209-229. Hall, S. & Vance, E. A. (2010). Improving self-efficacy in Statistics: Role of self-explanation and feedback. Journal of Statistics Education, 18, (3), 1-22. Hong, J., Chiu, P., Shih, H. & Lin, P. (2012). Computer self-efficacy, competitive anxiety and flow state: Escaping from firing online game. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11, (3), 70-76. Hung, M. Chou, C., Chen, C., & Own, Z. (2010). Learner readiness for online learning: Scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education, 55, 1080–1090. Hsiao, C.,  Lin, Y., &  Tu, Y. (2010). Gender differences in computer experience and computer self-efficacy among high school teachers. The Second Asian Conference on Education Official Conference Proceedings, Osaka, Japan. Khorrami-Arani, O. (2001). Researching computer self-efficacy. International Education Journal 2,( 4),17-24 http://www.flinders.edu.au/education/iej James, D. (nd). Refining the scope in computer self-efficacy relationships: An empirical comparison of three instruments in predicting competence and attitudes Lunenburg, F. C. (2011).  Self-Efficacy in the workplace: Implications for motivation and performance. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration,14, (1), 1-6. Min-Hsun, S. & Pey-Chewn, D. (2012). EFL learners’ language learning strategy use and perceived self-efficacy. European Journal of Social Sciences, 27, (3), 335-345. Shu, Tu & Wang (2011): The Impact of Computer Self-Efficacy and Technology  Dependence on Computer-Related Technostress: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 27 (10), 923-939. Salau, M. O. (2012). ICT in schools: Policy, practice, achievement and challenges. . In U. M. O. Ivowi and B. B. Akpan (Eds). Education in Nigeria: From beginning to the future. Lagos: Foremost Educational Services Ltd. Sam, H. K., Othman, A. E. A., & Nordin, Z. S. (2005). Computer self-efficacy, computer anxiety, and attitudes toward the internet: A Study among Undergraduates in Unimas. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (4), 205-219. Schreurs, Sammour & Ehlers (nd). ERA - e-learning readiness analysis: A eHealth case study of e-learning readiness. Schunk, D. H. (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26(3 & 4), 207-231. Siegle, D. & McCoach, D. B. (2007). Increasing student mathematics self-efficacy through teacher training. Journal of Advanced Academics, 18, (2), 278-312. Simsek, A. (2011). The relationship between computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy.  Contemporary Educational Technology, 2(3), 177-187. Smith, P. J. (2005). Learning preferences and readiness for online learning. Educational Psychology, 25, (1), 3-12. Stajkovic, A. D. & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, (2), 240-260.  Vekiri, I., & Chronaki, A. (2008). Gender issues in technology use: Perceived social support, computer self-efficacy and value beliefs, and computer use beyond school. Computers & Education, 51, 1392–1404 Zimmerman, B. J. (2000).Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 82–91. Zulkosky, K. (2009). Self-efficacy: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 44, (2), 93-102 https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-15.pdf ACHUKWU CHIMEZIE B NWOSU KINGSLEY CHINAZA UZOEKWE HELEN EFEYAELU AKUEZILO JULIANA computer self-efficacy online learning readiness computer-related technology dependence 7277 8 0

16 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=16 2015-04-11 The higher education system in India has a definite bearing on the economy. The nexus although has been researched considerably, this research enquiry points to disparity within the economy as well as the countryas economic performance in comparison with the Chinese economy in the framework of shortfalls in the higher education system. For higher education to contribute constructively to the economy, the systemic lacunae must be isolated and rectified. The paper examines the concern by delving into a chronological survey of the evolution of higher education and economic growth in the country since independence up to the present period wherein the privatization of higher education has occupied centre stage. Further, the study takes stock of the present Government initiatives that have been undertaken in this regard and makes inquiries into the scope of their application and assessment of their merit. Agarwal, P.(2011) International India a Turning Point in the Educational Exchange with the US, USIHEC Annual Report. (2012). Retrieved from  http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/AR2011-12.pdf Bhatia, K. & Dash, M.K. (2010). National Knowledge Commission – A Step towards India’s Higher Education Reforms on India’s Higher Education, International Research Journal ofFinance and Economics  Dongaonkar, & Negi, U.R. (2009), International students in Indian universities 2007-08, NewDelhi: Association of Indian Universities.  India GDP-Real Growth Rate. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.indexmundi.com/india/gdp_real_growth_rate.html Gupta, D. & Gupta, N. (2012), Higher Education in India: Structure, Statistics and Challenge, Journal of Education and Practice, IISTE.   Kaul, S. (2006),  Higher Education in India: Seizing the Opportunity, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.  Powar, K. B. (2012),  Expanding Domains in Indian Higher Education, New Delhi: Associationof Indian Universities Prakash, V. (2007). Trends in Growth and Financing of Higher Education in India, Economic and Political Weekly.  Pritam, B. P. Internationalization of Higher Education: A Trajectory for the ProfessionalDevelopment of Teachers. Retrieved from http://www.ascamu.org/Mr._Bhanu_Pratap_Pritam.pdf Report to the People on Education, Ministry of Human Resource and Development, India.(2010-11).  Tilak, J. (2007). Higher Education, Poverty and Development. In Higher Education andDevelopment, IIEP.World Development Indicators. (2012).  University Grants Commission, Annual Report 2011-12 RUSA (2013), Ministry of Human Resource Development in association with TIS https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-16.pdf RADHIKA LOBO Higher Education Economic Development Demographic Dividend RUSA 5198 3 0

17 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=17 2015-04-11 This study aimed to know the viewpoint of faculty members at the World Islamic Sciences & Education University on the effect of emotional intelligence on students' achievement, and also aimed to investigate the effect of gender, experience, qualification, academic rank on the point of view of faculty members. The study sample consisted of 45 faculty members 21 males and 24 females from the World Islamic Sciences & Education University. Means and standard deviations and t-test were used to analyze the results. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the views of the faculty members on the effect of emotional intelligence on students' achievement, also showed a statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≥ 0,05) in their views attributed to the experience, as there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≥ 0,05) in their views attributed to gender, and results also showed the existence of clear statistically significant differences in the views of the faculty members on the effect of emotional intelligence on students' achievement due to the Qualification variable. Amram, Y. (2007). The seven dimensions of spiritual intelligence: Paper presented at the 115th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. Fowler, J., & Dell, M. (2004) Stages of faith and identity: birth to teens. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 13(1), 17-33.  Goleman, D. (2000). An EI-based theory of performance, In D. Goleman, & C. Cherniss (eds.), the Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, Groups, Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Hosseini, M., Elias, H., Krauss, S. E., & Aishah, S. (2010). A review study of spiritual intelligence, adolescence and spiritual intelligence, factors that may contribute to individual differences in spiritual intelligence, and the related theories, International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 179-188. Jankowski, P. J. (2002). Postmodern spirituality: Implications for promoting change. Counseling and Values, 47(1), 69-79. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.2002.tb00224.x  Kooker, B.M & Shoultz,J.and Codier,E .(2007). Identifying emotional intelligence in professional Nursing practice. .Journal of professional Nursing 23(1). 30-36  Mosconi, J., & Emmett, J. (2003). Effects of a values clarification curriculum on high school students' definitions of success. Professional School Counseling, 7(2), 68-78. Noddings, N. (2005). Caring in education. The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved from the infed.org web site: www.infed.org/biblio/noddings_caring_in_education.htm Parker, S. (2009) Faith development theory as a context for supervision of spiritual and religious issues. Counselor Education & Supervision, 49(1), 39-53. Revell, L. (2008). Spiritual development in public and religious schools: A case study. Religious Education, 103(1), 102-118. Seeley, K. (2004). Gifted and talented students at risk, Focus on Exceptional Children, 37(3), 1-8 Zohar and Marshall (2000). SQ: Spiritual intelligence: The ultimate intelligence. London: Bloomsbury Zohar, D. & Marshall, I. N. (2001). SQ spiritual intelligence the ultimate intelligence. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.  Varma, A. (2011) What is Spiritual Intelligence? The times of india, newspaper , Retrieved  on 21 Jan 2014 from  http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/What-is-spiritual-intelligence/articleshow/5343214.cms Wiggles worth, C. (2004).Spiritual intelligence and why it matters. Retrieved from internet: www.consciouspursuits.com.   https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-17.pdf SHAMA YAHAYA BADER AL HADID Emotional Intelligence Academic Achievement 5926 4 0

18 https://ijhem.com/details&cid=18 2015-04-11 This paper reviewed the influence of effective management of teaching and learning and working conditions as relating to the quality of vocational education. In Nigeria, working conditions in teaching and learning are variables that can positively and or negatively influence the performance of teachers and students productivity and performances respectively. Variables herein considered are associated with poor quality remunerations, inadequate planning at the national and state government level, insufficient resources for programme implementations. The findings of the work quality of effective management of education have been greatly jeopardized consequent upon poor supervisory personnel, means and methods adopted by the good or agents involved. The paper recommends conducive working environment, sufficient funds and adequate materials should be provided for teaching and learning activities. A well drawn out action Plan and time frame should be clearly stated to assist in assessing the level of implementation of the programme for national development. Acheson, K. A., & Gall, M. D. (1997). Techniques in the Clinical Supervision of Teachers (4th Ed.). New York and London: White Plains. Adeniran, T. (2000). A new understanding for a new commitment to technical and vocational in Nigeria: Vision and Action. A paper presented at special seminar on Technical/Vocational Education, held on 31st October – 2nd November, Abuja. Ahmed, P. (1997). Andhra Pradesh Monitoring and Evaluation Design Proposal for the government of Andhra Pradesh and the overseas Development Administration, Report. Aina, O. (2000). Nigerian Technical and Vocational Education in the near future (Keynote address).  Federal Ministry of Education, Abuja. Akpan, P. L. (2003). Theories and Practice in Educational Administration, Uyo Association of Education Administration and Planning (NAEAP) held at the University of Port Harcourt. Ekpo, T. N. (1991). Non-Governmental Sources of Funding University Education. Journal of Higher Education, 1(2), 44-50. Esu, A. E. O., Enukoho, O. I., & Umoren, G. U. (2006). Curriculum Development in Nigeria for Colleges and  Universities, Calabar Media mark Associates. Etudor-Eyo, E. U., & Etor, C. R. (2009). School Characteristics and Job Satisfaction among secondary school teacher staff in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.  International Journal of Research in Education, 1(2).  Federal Ministry of Education (2000). The National Master-plan for Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) Development in Nigeria in the 21st century with the blue-print for Decade 2001-2010, Abuja. Gergson, S., & Liversey, F. (1986). Management and Organization. London: ELBS/Heinemann. Herzberg, F.W. (1959). The Motivation of Work. New York: John Willey. Inyang, E. E. (2002). Salaries and Fringe Benefits in Civil and Public Service. Uyo: Government House Publication. Journal of Social and Policy Issues, 6(2) (2005) Uyo. International Research and Development Institute. Kellicks, T. (1995). IMF Programmes in Developing Countries: Design and Impact. London: Routeledge. Lewis, T. R. (1997). Towards Liberal Vocational Education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 31(3), 447-489. Maher, T. R. (1992). Level of Satisfaction with Pay Personnel Psychology. New York: Little Fox Publishing. Mbaba, U. G., & Eko, M. J. (2007). Management of Vocational Instruction: A Panacea for Quality Assurance of Vocational Education in Nigeria. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 3(2), 104-108.  McClelland, D. C. (1988). Human Motivation. Cambridge: University Press. National Union of Teachers (1999).  Study Circle Material. Abeokuta. NUT Print House Obasanjo, O. M. A. (1999). An address at the opening of the National Seminar on Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria, Abuja, Federal Ministry of Education pp. 11-116. Obijole, E. F. (2006). Entrepreneurship Education and the Sustenance of Democracy in Nigeria, Business Education to the Rescue.  A paper presented at the 1st National Conference of Colleges of Education Academic Staff Union. Federal College of Education, Abeokuta. Oduyemi, O. (2000). Meeting the challegenges of the 21ST Century in Technical and Vocational Education. Presented at a National Seminar on Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria, Abuja, November. Ofuoko, A. U., Uloko, J. A., & Ajobo, R. T. (2009).  Motivational Factors and Job satisfaction in Delta State Agricultural Development Programme in Nigeria. Journal of Social and Policy Issues, 6(1).  Okebukola, P. (2000). Policies, Programmes and Action Plan for a Decade of Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria, presented at the National Seminar on Technical and vocational education in Nigeria.  Abuja, November. Olaitan, S. O. (1987). Supervision and Inspection of Vocational Education Technical Education.  A paper Presented at the National Workshop on Supervisory and Inspectorate Services on the 6-3-3-4 System of education at University of Ilorin, 13th – 6th January, 1987. Olaitan, S. O. (1994). Essential consideration for an effective e technical education development in Nigeria, Nigerian Vocational Association publications, Nsukka. Oludare, O. T., Abiodun, O. S., & Ajayi, B. A. (2006). The Status of Resources in Secondary Science Teaching and learning in Lagos State, presented at STAN 4th Annual Conference, Calabar, August  14-20. Onwuakpa, F. W. (1998).  A descriptive survey study of resources concentration in Imo State Secondary Schools. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigerian, 36, 57-58. Osisioma, B. C. (1995). Training Professional Accountants; which way. A paper presented at the 1995 National Conference of the Association of National Conference of the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria. (ANAN), Jos. Osuala, E. C. (2004). Foundations of Vocational Education.  Enugu: Cheston Books. Oyesola, G. O. (2000).  Physical Facilities and Productivity in Education.  In F.O. Fagbamije & O.D. Durosaro (Eds.) Rao, P. S., & Rao, V. S. P. (1997).  Personal Human Resources Management. Text Cases and Games. Delhi: Komark Sigurdsson, S., & Schweitzer, E. (1994).  The use of sectoral and project performance indictors in bank-financed education operations: a first edition note.  Education and Social Policy Department: World Bank, Washington, D.C. Van den Ban, A. W., & Hawkins, H. S. (1999). Agricultural Extension. London: Blackwell Science. Zahraddeen, U.A., Aliyu, M. M., Kurya, U. L., & Kurfi, A. K. (2006). Entrepreneurship Education for Vocational and Technical Students (2nd Ed.) Kano: Benchmark Publishers. Zepeda, S. J. (2003). Instructional Supervision: Applying Tools and Concepts. New York: Larchmont https://ijhem.com/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-18.pdf AHIAUZU LEVI UCHE Management Teaching-Learning Working Conditions Supervision Vocational Education Nigeria 5839 3 0